“Diphtheria is causing a great deal of anxiety in Toronto”

“[They] pointed out that the Toronto Bay was becoming more or less a cesspool from the excremental and other filth hourly flowing into it. Until the last few years comparatively little sewage found its way into the bay, as the water-carriage system had not been generally adopted. The pollution of the soil from privy pits has led recently to the construction of a large number of water closets, and the number must steadily increase, not only by substituting the water closet for privy, but from the rapid increase of population by growth and annexation.” William Canniff, Toronto Medical Officer of Health, (The Globe, Sept. 28, 1886).

Two of the Peterkin infants who died of diphtheria

In 1879 and 1886 five of Charles Peterkin’s children were felled by a much-feared medical scourge of the time: diphtheria. Diphtheria is characterized by fever, swelling of the throat and difficulty breathing. While the disease was associated with poor sanitary conditions and with neighbourhoods where privy pits were situated too near to houses, doctors reported that it had managed to penetrate the homes of Toronto’s well-known citizens, perhaps because of badly installed drains and waste-pipes.

Stuart Settle Peterkin was 16-years old when he died on March 2, 1886.

According to widely-reported statistics the great majority of patients recovered their health. Mostly children caught the disease and doctors insisted that they should be isolated. However, May Munro and Norman Joseph died in August of 1879 at 177 University Avenue, a one-storey cottage, and Stuart Settle, Lena Emma and Herbert Bruce all died within three weeks of each other in 1886 at the cottage on Bellevue Place (now Wales Ave.). It is likely that all were living in close proximity to each other. Their deaths occurred within 3 to 19 days of diagnosis.

Epidemics of diphtheria were raging in Russia and several European countries at this time, but other diseases, among them smallpox, measles, cholera infantum and typhoid fever, appear to have taken an even greater toll in Toronto.

William Canniff, Toronto’s Medical Officer of Health, wrote that “There need be no surprise that there are frequent outbreaks of diphtheria, fevers, and kindred diseases, in view of the inefficient plumbing so often existing in our city. Homes that present a most attractive exterior have the germs of deadly poison concealed from view in closets and drain-pipes. Nothing needs closer attention than these, and yet nothing is more neglected. “ (The Globe, Sept. 1, 1886)

Of the  eleven children fathered by Charles Peterkin with his wife Theresa Bywater, only five reached adulthood, and of these only one, Charles Robert jr., gave his parents grandchildren and great-grandchildren.

All his worldly goods

This gallery contains 5 photos.

It may seem odd that Charles Peterkin didn’t provide an eternal resting place for his second wife Annie Josephine Mollon Peterkin in his plot in Mount Pleasant Cemetery. Annie was sixteen years younger than Charles, and when she died in … Continue reading →

The Peterkins’ brush with celebrity

Mr. and Mrs. Charles R. Peterkin

In the early 1860s, living with his father and brothers at 177 University Ave., Charles Peterkin was much taken with the young woman next door at no.179. Theresa Bywater could be seen shepherding her younger siblings in and out. For Charles it was a no-brainer — he would  make Theresa his wife, and It was no surprise when the two were married in 1866.

Mary Pickford, “America’s Sweetheart” in 1914

If Charles had been several decades younger he might have been equally taken with the girl next door, this time at no.175. Gladys Louise Mary Smith, the future Hollywood starlet Mary Pickford, was born there on April 8, 1892.

Toronto city directory for 1892 with Smith house at 175 University Ave. and James F. Peterkin at no.179.

In 1867 Charles and Theresa moved to 181 University Ave. and later to Wales Ave. Charles’ brother James Frederick Peterkin continued to live at 177 University Ave. until the year before Mary Pickford was born next door, purchasing the Bywater house at no.179 in 1891. I like to think that he and/or his children were friends with the Smith family. By the time Miss Pickford had achieved celebrity James would have told one and all about ALMOST living next door to “America’s sweetheart”!

In this photograph from the early1900s the Peterkin family home (until 1864), also James’ home (until 1891), is the cottage at no.177. Next door to the right in the centre of the photo is the Smith (Mary Pickford) house at no.175. The row of houses was torn down in 1943 to make way for the Sick Children’s Hospital.

Brother Stuart goes AWOL

Stuart (Stewart) Munro Peterkin, Charles’ younger brother who trails after him in the memoir, followed in his brothers’ footsteps in Toronto as a carver and wood-turner. Through the 1870s he partnered as a picture framer with his older brother James Frederick Peterkin at 71 Queen St. W.  A sign of the disaffection that he was feeling may be detected in his leaving his brother Charles’ house and moving in with his much older half-brother William Matthews Peterkin at 231 University Ave. Then around 1885 he disappeared, and unknown to his family sailed to South Africa following a supposed business trip to New York.

Years later Stuart reappeared in British Columbia. In the 1901 census he was working as a printer in Rossland, a mining town in the Kootenays where a gold rush in 1897 caused the population to explode.

In 1911 Charles received word that Stuart had been admitted to Vancouver General Hospital on April 8. He boarded the train west and soon received a telegram that Stuart had died on of a cerebral hemorrhage on April 19th. Arriving in Vancouver Charles immediately took charge of his brother’s funeral and burial arrangements which included $75 for the casket, $15 for 3 carriages, and $10 for “preserving.”

Back east the family suspected that Stuart had grown rich in the gold mines of South Africa and that his landlord at 449 E. Pender Street had been after the money, but there was no evidence of either.                                                                                           

Charles Peterkin (left) with his brother Stuart in the early 1860s

 

An Unsurpassed Teacher

The Woodside School where Charles was a student.

Early in the 1850s Charlie Peterkin attended the Woodside Public School. In his memoir A Boyhood Journey he expresses admiration for his teacher Mr. Michie. Michie is admired in the Annals of Woodside & Newhills, published in 1886, where it is written “About the year 1837 a large school was opened, built by subscription … Mr. Alexander Michie was the first teacher appointed, and his style of teaching created a new era in the history of Woodside. The school became a great blessing to the place. Mr. Michie could not be surpassed as a teacher of the young. He resigned in 1852” (p.94). By the 1870s the school had been turned into the Woodside Burgh Hall.

When I visited Woodside in 1984 the building still served as the Burgh Hall.

             

 Alas, when I visited in 2013 it was apparent that the Burgh Hall has been abandoned. The core of the stone building remained but was surrounded by paper refuse.             

The former Burgh Hall, abandoned in 2013

The Charles Peterkin story starts here

Back in the summer of 1953 I visited Scotland for the first time. On my own I joined a Thomas Cook bus tour and was thrilled to learn that we would spend a night at Huntly Castle Hotel which we were told had been built in the 1700s by George, Duke of Gordon, of stones retrieved from the old ruined Castle nearby. And lucky me I had the chance to spend the night in a murdered Duchess’ four-poster canopy bed.

The main reason for my delight was that my mother’s aunts had endlessly repeated the (mythical?) story that a Peterkin ancestor had run off with a daughter of a Duke of Gordon. One great-aunt took pride in “Gordon” as her middle name. But as I found out much later every family conjures up aristocratic ancestors. In fact my 3Xgreat grandmother was an Ann Gordon of mysterious, but probably modest, ancestry.

What I didn’t know in 1953 was that exactly 100 years earlier my great grandfather Charles Robert Peterkin, along with his father and six brothers and sisters, had left Scotland for a new life in Canada, arriving in Toronto on June 9, 1853.

Charles R. Peterkin age 18 in 1859

My next Peterkin discovery came in the late 1960s when I was made aware that at age 84 Charles Peterkin had written a memoir of his boyhood years. Reading his “Recollections” I was taken back in my mind and imagination to a far distant time when life for an ambitious young lad could be hard, but at the same time joyous. I was convinced that his story deserved to be oohed and aahed over by a much wider audience than the Peterkin family for whom it was intended. Lucille Campey, whose preface fronts the text of the published memoir, sees Charles as “an extraordinary, ordinary man,” and I hope that readers of A Boyhood Journey will feel the same.

Charles Peterkin at age 89

The boy Charles is only 15 when the memoir ends in 1856. Digging into family lore and documents, and hundreds of family photographs together with culling newspapers, I have been able to put together the later life story of Charles Robert Peterkin. Those years are in their own way extraordinary, given that this immigrant achieved financial success and enjoyed the rewards of a hard-working life in Toronto.

This is the first of a series of posts which will begin when A Boyhood Journey: Scotland to Canada in 1853 is published in June of 2015. The illustrated posts will expand on the life and times of the Peterkin family through the years up to 1932 when Charles Peterkin died.